An Early History of Forensic Entomology, 1300-1900

In recent decades, the use of entomology as a tool in forensic investigations has become fairly routine. The field of forensic entomology has a much longer history than you might suspect, dating all the way back to the 13th century. The First Crime Solved by Forensic Entomology The earliest known case of a crime being solved using insect evidence comes from medieval China. In 1247, the Chinese lawyer Sung Tsu wrote a textbook on criminal investigations called The Washing Away of Wrongs. In his book, Tsu recounts the story of a murder near a rice field. The victim had been slashed repeatedly, and investigators suspected the weapon used was a sickle, a common tool used in the rice harvest. How could the murderer be identified, when so many workers carried these tools? The local magistrate brought all the workers together  and told them to lay down their sickles. Though all the tools looked clean, one quickly attracted hordes of flies. The flies could sense the residue of blood and tissue invisible to the human eye. When confronted by this jury of flies, the murderer confessed to the crime. Dispelling the Myth of Spontaneous Generation of Maggots Just as people once thought the world was flat and the Sun revolved around the Earth, people used to think maggots would arise spontaneously out of rotting meat. Italian physician Francesco Redi finally proved the connection between flies and maggots in 1668. Redi compared two groups of meat: the first left exposed to insects, and the second group covered by a barrier of gauze. In the exposed meat, flies laid eggs, which quickly hatched into maggots. On the gauze-covered meat, no maggots appeared, but Redi observed fly eggs on the outer surface of the gauze. Establishing a Relationship Between Cadavers and Arthropods In the 1700 and 1800s, physicians in both France and Germany observed mass exhumations of corpses. The French doctors M. Orfila and C. Lesueur published two handbooks on exhumations, in which they noted the presence of insects on the exhumed cadavers. Some of these arthropods were identified to species in their 1831 publication. This work established a relationship between specific insects and decomposing bodies. Fifty years later, the German doctor Reinhard used a systematic approach to study this relationship. Reinhard exhumed bodies to collect and identify the insects present with the bodies. He specifically noted the presence of phorid flies, which he left to an entomology colleague to identify. Using the Succession of Insects to Determine a Postmortem Interval By the 1800s, scientists knew that certain insects would inhabit decomposing bodies. Interest now turned to the matter of succession. Physicians and legal investigators began questioning which insects would appear first on a cadaver, and what their life cycles could reveal about a crime. In 1855, French doctor Bergeret dArbois was the first to use insect succession to determine the postmortem interval of human remains. A couple remodeling their Paris home uncovered the mummified remains of a child behind the mantelpiece. Suspicion immediately fell on the couple, though they had only recently moved into the house. Bergeret, who autopsied the victim, noted evidence of insect populations on the corpse. Using methods similar to those employed by forensic entomologists today, he concluded that the body had been placed behind the wall years earlier, in 1849. Bergeret used what was known about insect life cycles and successive colonization of a corpse to arrive at this date. His report convinced police to charge the previous tenants of the home, who were subsequently convicted of the murder. French veterinarian Jean Pierre Megnin spent years studying and documenting the predictability of insect colonization in cadavers. In 1894, he published La Faune des Cadavres, the culmination of his medico-legal experience. In it, he outlined eight waves of insect succession that could be applied during investigations of suspicious deaths. Megnin also noted that buried corpses were not susceptible to this same series of colonization. Just two stages of colonization invaded these cadavers. Modern forensic entomology draws on the observations and studies of all these pioneers.

Plagues in England Death Is in the Air Essay - 688 Words

German scientist and satirist, Georg C. Lichtenberg, once said, â€Å"Sickness is mankinds greatest defect.† Sickness affects everyone, no matter where one is from or how one lives. Even in today’s world with modern medicine, sickness runs rampant. If one were to think back to when the only cures society had were rituals, a prime example of sickness in a society is England. Recalling the plagues in England, one can easily see the two prominent plagues that struck, along with how they affected English economy and culture. In the 1300’s, England was struck with a plague called the Bubonic Plague, better known as the â€Å"Black Death.† Historians believe this disease arrived by ship at a seaport in modern day Ukraine (Byrne 1). Fleas living on†¦show more content†¦Again, the source of the epidemic was unknown to the citizens therefore treatment was futile. In just a week, the plague took 7,165 people’s lives; the total death toll was near 70,000 (Great 1). One account of this plague is found in Defoe’s â€Å"Great Plague in London† which states: Another ran about naked, except a pair of drawers about his waist, crying day and night. As a man that Josephus mentions, who cried, Woe to Jerusalem! a little dreadful God! and said no more, but repeated these words continually, with a voice and countenance full of horror, a swift pace; and nobody could ever find him to stop or rest or take any sustenance, at least that ever I could hear of. (p. 1) One might say that after reading this story, the Great Plague of London drove people to madness. The ones who died from the Great Plague were buried in huge pits, until it ended in 1666 when the Great Fire of London destroyed most of the city (Great 1). The plagues caused much more than death; they brought with them economic hardships. When the Black Death struck, rural landlords with abundant crops began losing labor. Peasants wanted cheaper rent along with higher wages; this caused tension between landowners and peasants (Borsch 57). Of course, the landlords refused their offers, leaving many families without jobs. Because peasants could not find work, it only made sense to move to the city.Show MoreRelatedThe Black Plague : New York : The Free Pass 19831290 Words   |  6 Pages The Black Plague BY: Kevin Arellano World History,Per.7,Mrs.Sutherland April 24,2015 Works Cited 1.)Robert S. Gottfried. The Black Plague. New York :The Free Pass 1983 2.)The Black Death. AE .Television Networks.1979 3.)Don Nardo. The Black Death.Minneapoles.2011 4.)Sheri Johnson.The Medieval Plague.Minnesota 5.)Stephen Person. Bubonic Plague, The Black Plague. New York Introduction/Origin Do you know what The Black Plague was, it was a horrible disease that peopleRead MoreRemembering the Black Death1519 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Death was a vicious disease that plagued many medieval people during the 1320s-50s. The plague killed close to 100 million people of the world’s population of 450 million. Its name comes from the blackish color the bacteria would turn various parts of its victim’s skin. During the Black Death, the superstitious cures and preventative measures taken against the plague made the plague even worse for many people. The Black Death, which originated in China, spread throughout most ofRead MoreThe Black Death Ravaged Europe And Its Inhabitants1588 Words   |  7 PagesFrom 1347 to about 1352, the Black Death ravaged Europe and its inhabitants. While this devastating plague caused an exorbitant loss of life and a great deal of emotional suffering, it did lead to some major social changes in Europe that changed the course of history. The Black Death transformed the consciousness of the surviving populous of medieval Europe in a way no other event that has occurred before or since could. This transformed psyche created the catalyst that expedited the transformationRead MoreThe Black Death Of Europe1265 Words   |  6 Pagessick as well. This point marked the arrival of the Black Death in Europe. The Black Death quickly and uncontrollably started to travel its way through Europe and had a great impact on Europe. It’s undeniable that the Black Death created many upheavals in Europe, but it also led to a few positive effects as well. The outbreak of the epidemic led to many, social, religious, economic, and political changes in Europe. By the time the Black Death hit Europe, Europe had grown so much in numbers that itRead MoreThe plagues in England Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesIn England there were three specific plagues that i will be talking about, they are the bubonic plague â€Å"The Black Death†, pulmonary plague and the pneumonic plague. These plagues were really interesting to read about. They were so bad that many people died from them. The doctors didn’t know what was wrong with the people since there was that much new technology in the thirteenth century. The black death was a deadly epidemic that was spread from Asia to Europe by twelve trading ships that wereRead MoreEssay about The Black Death in The Decameron by Boccaccio1176 Words   |  5 Pages The Black Death was an epidemic disease that was also known as the Bubonic Plague. It was one of the most tragic epidemics that has happened in the world. The Black Death hit England between the years of 1348-1350. This plague annihilated one third of its original population. Trading ships that came to England during this time were blamed for the spread of this disease. People believed that when trading ships left other countries that they would bring in infested rats that carried the disease. WhenRead MoreMedicine in the Medieval Period Essay1482 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom the Mediterranean to other parts of Europe. In 1348 one ship brought a devastating plague to England. Source 1-Written by a monk from Malmesbury in Wiltshire, in the 1350s: In 1348, at about the feast of the Translation of St Thomas the Martyr (7 July) the cruel pestilence, hateful to all future ages, arrived from the countries across the sea on the South coast of England at the Port called Melcombe in Dorset. Travelling all over the South country it wretchedlyRead MoreThe Bubonic Plague Essay1463 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bubonic Plague Introduction Plague, was a term that was applied in the Middle Ages to all fatal epidemic diseases, but now it is only applied to an acute, infectious, contagious disease of rodents and humans, caused by a short, thin, gram-negative bacillus. In humans, plague occurs in three forms: bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, and septicemic plague. The best known form is the bubonic plague and it is named after buboes, or enlarged, inflamed lymph nodes, which are characteristicsRead MoreThe Black Death1687 Words   |  7 PagesMegan Alderson IDS Ââ€" Final Dr. Lynn Raley Date The Black Death Considered one of the worst natural disasters in world history, the Black Death came through Europe in 1347 A.D. It ravaged cities and town, causing a death to the masses, and no one was considered safe. The Plague is any epidemic scourge or calamity for which remedies are difficult to find, and according to the encyclopedia, plague is a common term for a disease of rodents that occasionally cause severe human infection. Read MoreEssay about Chapter 11 Outline and Summary Ap European History917 Words   |  4 PagesCHAPTER 11 THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: CRISIS AND DISINTEGRATION IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY _____________________________ CHAPTER OUTLINE I. A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Crisis A. Famine and Population B. The Black Death 1. Spread of the Plague 2. Life and Death: Reactions to the Plague C. Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval 1. Noble Landlords and Peasants 2. Peasant Revolt in France 3. An English Peasant Revolt 4. Revolts in the Cities II. War and

Public Relations Practice-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Write a Personal Reflection on Professional Public Relations Practice in the New Business Environment. Answer: Introduction In this reflective summary I would be discussing about the topics that I have learnt about through week 1 to week 7. I would be mainly focusing on stakeholder approach, globalization and its impact on entrepreneurship. I would also be discussing about the challenges, problems and issues that I have faced while attending these lessons and understanding the concepts that have been covered in these weeks. Examination of my experience, actions, and emotions and comparing them with the concepts learned from the literature would be carried out. The reason of me choosing this topic is because I wish to be able to use this learning and apply them to real projects in future. Discussion A generic and broad definition of stakeholders is any individual or group who have the capacity of effecting or gets affected themselves by any accomplishment of any organizations purpose (Andriof et al. 2017). Another definition of stakeholder is someone or an organization that is actively involved any project or whose awareness might be affected as an outcome of project execution or project completion (Weiss 2014). Based on the literature that I have covered in these weeks, I would be attempting to resonate them with what I have understood from the lessons. I have completely understood that stakeholders are extremely important to any organization or project. It is important that the needs and requirements of any stakeholder are considered to ensure success. For any business or project, their clients and end users are significantly more vital than any other stakeholder (Crane and Matten 2016). I have understood from my lessons that in any stakeholder management process, a consultative approach is always recommendable in place of a unilateral decision, which does not take into account the opposing viewpoints and opinions of other stakeholders. In such scenarios, the best approach would be using the stakeholder management salience model that would be helpful in analyzing the stakeholders and identifying the main and most important stakeholder, while at the same time correctly identifying the salie nce of the actual stakeholders (Bundy, Shropshire and Buchholtz 2013). Today, the organizations are going through dramatic changes as stakeholder groups are putting an ever-increasing influence on the responsibilities and place of organizations in the society. Some important drivers that are included in this process are organizational learning, ethics, the concept of sustainable development, the search for total quality management, and the environmental movement (Tantalo and Priem 2016). As the different stakeholders have the capability of viewing these complicated problems in a quite different manner from the organization, it is extremely vital that those people who are working with communications have the capability of understanding the underlying intricacies of stakeholder associations. My lessons and literature on a varied number of fields have provided with a comprehension of the elements that are involved in the development of an effective communication strategy. Stakeholder theory acts as an important contributor in something it provides as a mea n of discovery of the pertinent participants in the process (Hrisch, Freeman and Schaltegger 2014). The readings contend that the coordination model, as a part of this process, have the capacity of providing a unifying framework for the identification of the nature of the associations between the stakeholders or the actors in the communication process. I have processed form the lessons that for any kind of communication process to come out effective it is necessary that these models get oriented in a proper manner. The literature is built on the already existing research from different organizational learning field for gaining a deeper understanding of the processes that have an influence over the perceptions of different stakeholder groups. From the discussion I have cleared out my doubts regarding the exact communication skills that have been identified as enablers of the engagement of stakeholders in a meaningful dialogue and their consequent enhancement of the effectiveness of t he communication efforts of the organization. These major communication skills are inquiry, reflection and advocacy. Much emphasis has been provided to integrated marketing communication (IMC), but very little has been done to critically analysethe existent standpoints, the evolution of the concept and their application. IMC is getting hugely challenged from the perspective of the rising paradigm of strategic communication.This is carried out through a joint definite, theoretic and integrated communicative viewpoint.There is a need of approaching IMC thinking from a tactical and corporate brand standpoint that would be assisting in engendering intensely altering prospectsand demands across different organizations to get a lucid comprehension of IMC practice and theory.Most marketers consider IMC to be something important and to be practiced. In reality is hardly successfully implemented. The key of building major brands are initially finding the appropriate positioning and then successfully creating a durable, optimistic brand attitude. IMC is vital on making sure that every aspect of a brands mark eting communication delivers a constant message toward that end (Argenti 2005). Because of the advanced and swifter development of communication, todays world is shrinking. The advent of satellite has altered the whole outlook of mankind. It has been able to bring mean much nearer to one another, even countries (Marks 2016). Today none of the countries can call themselves as being like an isolated island as what is happening in any country is important for even the remotest places on the globe because of modern communication. The earth is shrinking and the world is becoming a global village as the people of the earth are coming closer to one another, in terms of both time and space (Scherer and Palazzo 2008). Despite the various cultural, religious and economic differences among different countries everybody is today known to each other like it is a village. The concept of global village was first suggested by Marshall McLuhan. Events that are happening in one part of the world can be faced in other parts, that too in real time, which is similar to the concept o f a villagers experience when they were living in a small village (Wasson, Butler and Copeland-Carson 2016). For understanding global civil society different theoretical perspectives can be used. It can be understood by some as being an actor providing a bottom-up contribution to theeffectivity and legitimacy of the whole international system. It is in essence democracy in action as power gets hold up accountable by the populace. Many interpret it as a tool for using by the most powerful states for advancing their eventual interests abroad, most of the time popularizing and promoting ideas that seem key to the national interest. Marxist are known to be viewing global civil societyas a form of political vanguards that can distribute a diverse world view that tests the dominant order. Moreover, some are even of the opinion that the idea of global civil societyas a whole which is different from the state, family and market remains truly a Western concept that is not applicable easily for the societies where the boundaries among these spheres are fuzzier (Kaldor 2013). One huge misconception and unawareness I had was about how to proceed with composing a reflection in case of such topics. I understood that reflection is a completely focused skill, whose main objective is making the practitioner more and more aware of their own reasoning and thinking procedure. Putting a halt or slowing down on the thought processes and making sure to avoid any kind of rapid climbing up the ladder of inferring helps in accomplishing this. The initial stage that I covered in distinguishing between the real data and what abstractions are based on that. Most of the activities of stakeholders and their approaches are based on assumptions, which makes it important for formally identifying these and then testing them in the light of the present situation. For example, this can be carried out by explicit identification of the data behind any specific statement, all the while seeking agreements on what is and what is not the actual and relevant data, also providing clarific ation on lines of reasoning and giving confirmation of the interpretations of other peoples statements. Conclusion Based on the magnitude of the issues that are now faced by majority of the organization, the casual takes on the combination of communication and strategies is serious shortcoming that I understood from my analysis and the lessons learned. Communication is an acclaimed significant element in the overall strategy process of any organization. In spite of the purported importance it has, very less could I comprehend about the ways of integrating communications with the strategy development and implementation work. Irrespective of the importance given to communication, it has been found from my readings that its majority of the times gets relegated to a secondary function in different organizations and gets performed by the people who have no idea or skills or training that would help them in accessing any strategic decision-making. In this paper I have attempted to put across all the ideas and challenges I have faced during the weekly lessons, attempting at finding solutions to my issue s and coming out as a better manager of stakeholder management situations. References Andriof, J., Waddock, S., Husted, B. and Rahman, S.S., 2017.Unfolding stakeholder thinking: theory, responsibility and engagement. Routledge. Link:https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=Pqo0DwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PT7dq=Andriof,+J.,+Waddock,+S.,+Husted,+B.+and+Rahman,+S.S.,+2017.+Unfolding+stakeholder+thinking:+theory,+responsibility+and+engagement.+Routledge.ots=ixsMfv6-ESsig=ph2vzGDWxsIpkqIfPEdvzFEQ8e0#v=onepageqf=false Argenti, P. 2005.The Power of Integration: Building a Corporate Communication Function That Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts. NIRIs Center for Strategic Communication. Bundy, J., Shropshire, C. and Buchholtz, A.K., 2013. Strategic cognition and issue salience: Toward an explanation of firm responsiveness to stakeholder concerns.Academy of Management Review,38(3), pp.352-376. Link: https://media.terry.uga.edu/socrates/publications/2013/06/Bundy_Shropshire_Buchholtz_2013.pdf Crane, A. and Matten, D., 2016.Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Link:https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=J8-SDAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Crane,+A.+and+Matten,+D.,+2016.+Business+ethics:+Managing+corporate+citizenship+and+sustainability+in+the+age+of+globalization.+Oxford+University+Pressots=5rSi-uLmlesig=P8a1MZqypEN0ffgHfcLVToKE3Rw#v=onepageqf=false Freeman, E. and Moutchnik, A., 2013. Stakeholder management and CSR: questions and answers.uwf UmweltWirtschaftsForum,21(1-2), pp.5-9. Link:https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/32695143/stakerholder_management_and_csr_-_question_and_answer.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1511082968Signature=5lJLfvRDyq9FbNvjUgme16v4IfY%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DStakerholder_management_and_csr_-_questi.pdf Harrison, J.S., Freeman, R.E. and de Abreu, M.C.S., 2015. Stakeholder theory as an ethical approach to effective management: Applying the theory to multiple contexts.Revista Brasileira de Gesto de Negcios,17(55), p.858. Link:https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Monica_Abreu4/publication/283194075_Stakeholder_Theory_As_an_Ethical_Approach_to_Effective_Management_applying_the_theory_to_multiple_contexts/links/565b1fa608ae4988a7ba701b.pdf Hrisch, J., Freeman, R.E. and Schaltegger, S., 2014. Applying stakeholder theory in sustainability management: Links, similarities, dissimilarities, and a conceptual framework.Organization Environment,27(4), pp.328-346. Link:https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stefan_Schaltegger/publication/264382617_Horisch_J_Freeman_E_Schaltegger_S_2014_Applying_stakeholder_theory_in_sustainability_management_Links_similarities_dissimilarities_and_conceptual_framework_Organization_Environment_DOI_101177108602661/links/56c8cdd908ae96cdd06bb921/Hoerisch-J-Freeman-E-Schaltegger-S-2014-Applying-stakeholder-theory-in-sustainability-management-Links-similarities-dissimilarities-and-conceptual-framework-Organization-Environment-DOI-10.pdf Kaldor, M., 2013.Global civil society: An answer to war. John Wiley Sons. Link:https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=SRcoAAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PT4dq=Kaldor,+M.,+2013.+Global+civil+society:+An+answer+to+war.+John+Wiley+%26+Sons.ots=NZBrXOJuqAsig=rUyuvjy0cXOnLRq80gixLX_vjLE#v=onepageqf=false Marks, A. 2016.Thought Leadership Content | The CCO as Builder of Digital Engagement Systems | Arthur W. Page Society. [online] Awpagesociety.com. Available at: https://awpagesociety.com/thought-leadership/the-cco-as-builder-of-digital-engagement-systems [Accessed 18 Nov. 2017]. Scherer, A.G. and Palazzo, G., 2008. Globalization and corporate social responsibility. Link:https://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=757114096124126124091084005011089023030092050084043069014031075120089118098112064110018011103047026000040102117124083004126125045037034011050086081086066096090075089043020083070114073006003106030113081069116029068010106116123030073086093013127124001EXT=pdf Tantalo, C. and Priem, R.L., 2016. Value creation through stakeholder synergy.Strategic Management Journal,37(2), pp.314-329. Link: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smj.2337/full Wasson, C., Butler, M.O. and Copeland-Carson, J. eds., 2016.Applying anthropology in the global village. Routledge. Link:https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=Id1mDAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Wasson,+C.,+Butler,+M.O.+and+Copeland-Carson,+J.+eds.,+2016.+Applying+anthropology+in+the+global+village.+Routledge.ots=M8KUAMRnCtsig=0PCeoxYMBUMFWW9G_QvEdn3fKC8#v=onepageqf=false Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Link:https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=gMUlAgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PT19dq=Weiss,+J.W.,+2014.+Business+ethics:+A+stakeholder+and+issues+management+approach.+Berrett-Koehler+Publishers.ots=Ws5_dl26hVsig=kYmMJexjiuXAKFRYmLVv1XMutVA#v=onepageqf=false